Christian churches divide into about three basic types, 1) Catholic, 2) Conservative Protestant, and 3) Liberal Protestant. There are many groups with their own unique variations in each category.
Maybe it can be said that group one lives by, "Everyone must work and do as we say", group two says, "The Bible is the only source of reliable guidance", and group three says, "No book is going to tell us what to do."
The points listed as Conservative Protestant in Appendix I and II are the best match with the Bible. The other positions, in my opinion, are non-biblical points of view that people have taken because they don't like what the Bible says, so they make adjustments they find more pleasing to their situations.
Anyone considering a non-biblical position should first examine
the proofs for Biblical inspiration. With a little study and an open
mind, they're very convincing.
Differences Between Roman
Catholicism and
Conservative Protestantism
Source: http://www.religioustolerance.org
Theological Belief | Roman Catholic Church | Fundamentalists, Evangelicals |
Apocrypha: meaning of the term | Books by Christian authors, used by early Christians, but later rejected as non-canonical. | Books by Jewish authors written between the Old and New testament times; rejected as non-canonical. |
Apostolic succession | Believe in the Apostolic succession: ordinations traceable back to St. Peter. | Concept rejected as historically invalid; It simply didn't happen. |
Authority within the church | Vested in the hierarchy of the church. | Within the believer (soul freedom). |
Baptism, significance of | Sacrament which regenerates and justifies; usually done in infancy. | Testimony of a prior regeneration. Done later in life. |
Baptism, timing | During infancy | During adulthood |
Bible, status of | Historically teaches that the original writings by Bible authors are inerrant. This is being debated. | The original writings of the authors of the Bible are inerrant. |
Change of beliefs, practices | Debate sometimes forbidden. | Free discussion allowed. |
Church, structure | Hierarchical. | Democratic. |
Clergy, selection of | Appointed; all male; almost all unmarried. | Elected; mostly male; single or married. |
God, access to | Via clergy, saints, Virgin Mary, Jesus. | Via Jesus alone. |
Hell | More than a physical place, hell is a state of being involving "the pain, frustration and emptiness of life without God." | A real physical place of eternal torture. Some theologians say that hell does not exist. |
Immaculate Conception of Mary (Note 1) | Required belief. | Denied. |
Infallibility of the Pope | Required belief in matters of religious doctrine and faith. | Denied. |
Limbo | A place in Hell for infants who die before being baptized, and for Old Testament saints. Concept is not officially taught. | Existence denied. |
Lord's supper / Eucharist | A sacrifice. Christ's body and blood are physically present and are consumed by believers. | Memorial meal. Christ's body and blood are present symbolically only. |
Mary's status | Mary's status is below Jesus', but above that of the saints. Some regard Mary as co-redemptrix with Jesus; this is not currently church teaching. | The Virgin Mary plays a relatively minor role. Only trust in Jesus saves a person. |
Non-Christian religions | Have some value for the truth that they contain. | Many Fundamentalists consider them worthless, dangerous, demon-led. |
Prayer | To God. Also may ask Mary or a saint to pray on their behalf. | To God only. |
Purgatory | A state of being in which souls are cleansed by purifying punishments before they can enter heaven. | Does not exist. |
Sacraments | The means of grace. | The symbols of grace. |
Salvation, achieving | Dependent on faith, works and sacraments. | Dependent on faith only. |
Salvation, losing | Is lost when a responsible person commits a mortal sin. It can be regained through repentance and the sacrament of confession. | Usually, once a person is saved, they cannot lose their salvation. |
Statues, venerating | Frequent veneration of statues and images as symbolic of the individual saints. | Considered idolatry. |
Truth | Found in scripture, as interpreted by the church. Also found in church tradition. | Found in scripture, as interpreted by the individual. |
Visibility of the Church | The hierarchy of the Church, including the laity, plus the Church's Spirit, referred to as the "Spotless Bride of Christ." | Invisible fellowship of all believers |
Note 1: Many people confuse the immaculate conception with the virgin birth. The former is a Roman Catholic belief that in about 20 BC when Mary herself was conceived, she was without original sin. The latter is a generally held belief among all conservative and most mainline Christian denominations that Mary was a virgin when Jesus was conceived about 6 BC. Religious liberals generally consider both to be mythical concepts.
Item | Conservative Wing | Liberal Wing |
Typical Denomination | Southern Baptist Convention | United Church of Christ |
Theological Matters: | ||
Concept of God | Lawgiver. Father, Judge, Creator, Redeemer | Parent, Lover, Healer, Liberator. |
Concept of Jesus | Divine; co-eternal with God | Various beliefs |
Satan | Profoundly powerful and important living entity, dedicated to evil. | Symbol of evil. Does not exist as a living entity. |
Status of the Bible | Inerrant, free of errors, except for a few isolated copying mistakes | Many conflicts. Books are created by fallible human authors promoting their own beliefs |
Interpreting the Bible | Mainly literally | Some literal, some symbolic; some as simple propaganda; some passages should be ignored |
How to Understand the Bible | One must first be 'saved' before the Holy Spirit will help you understand the Bible | By studying infusion of religious ideas from other cultures surrounding Palestine and the biases of the authors. |
Consistency of the Bible | Totally consistent; presents an undeviating theological belief | Major evolution in theological beliefs from Genesis to Revelation |
Usefulness of Bible Passages | All verses are useful | Some passages should be rejected as advocating unethical behavior such as genocide and slavery. |
Vision of Christian faith | Essentially fixed | In constant change |
"Prime Directive" | "Great commission" to evangelize the world | "Great Commandment" to love God and one's fellow humans |
Heaven | With God; eternally joyous | Various |
Hell | Place of eternal punishment | Temporary punishment, symbolic condition, or non-existent |
Basis of salvation | Repentance, trust in Jesus as savior | Universalism: all will be saved |
Virgin birth | Important belief | Unimportant, or myth |
Beginning of the universe | Created by God | Created by God or evolved due to purely natural forces |
Evolution of the species | Nonexistent. All "kinds" of animals were created during one week. | Species evolved over hundreds of millions of years due either to natural forces or intervention by God. |
Age of the universe | Less than 10,000 years | Over 10,000 million years |
Second Coming of Jesus | Imminent | Not expected |
End of the world | Imminent | Far future, if ever |
Rapture | Imminent | A beautiful myth |
Baptism | By immersion. Given to believers only, after the age of accountability. | By sprinkling; given to the very young, before the age of accountability. |
Main sources for social policies, and beliefs | The Bible, tradition, findings of science | Findings of science, the Bible, tradition |
Biblical basis for policies & beliefs | Selected Biblical verses | Christ's message, coupled with modern knowledge |
Book of Daniel | Written by Daniel in the 6th century BC. Predicts events in our immediate future. | Author unknown. Written circa 165 BC. Recorded past events from the 6th to the 2nd century |
How the books in the New Testament were selected from the many writings in circulation | Under the inspiration of God. Fraudulent books rejected; only inerrant books accepted.. | They selected only those writings which supported their 4th century theology |
Converting Jews to Christianity | Of vital importance; given a high priority. | A religiously intolerant activity |
Status of Jews and Judaism | Abandoned by God, or of uncertain status. | A parallel, great world religion |
Church Organization: | ||
Church membership | Exclusive; must conform to standards of belief and practice | Inclusive; minimal requirements |
Ordination of women | Opposed or barely tolerated | Supportive |
Growth in membership | Positive | Little or negative |
Range of beliefs among members | Small | Wide |
Social Policies | ||
Under what conditions is an act sinful? | Depends upon the act itself; e.g. all homosexual sex is sinful | Depends upon the situation; e.g. all manipulative sex is sinful |
Legalization of slavery, circa 1997 AD | Opposed | Opposed |
Legalization of slavery, circa 1860 AD | Generally supportive | Denomination did not exist |
Racial segregation, circa 1997 AD | Opposed | Opposed |
Racial segregation, circa 1960 AD | Supportive, Neutral | Opposed |
Special rights & roles for males | Supportive | Opposed |
Nature of homosexuality | Chosen, changeable; an addiction; something that people do | Genetic, fixed; an orientation; something that people are |
Special rights for heterosexuals; e.g. marriage | Favor | Various |
Marriage, circa 1997 | Restricted to heterosexuals | Some favor marriage for all couples |
Marriage, circa 1960 | Only heterosexuals of same race | Only heterosexuals |
Corporal punishment of children | Supportive, as needed | Opposed |
Access to physician assisted suicide | Opposed; politically active | Various |
Access to abortion | Pro-life; politically active | Pro-choice |
Capital Punishment | Favor | Many opposed |
Schoolroom prayer | Favor | Opposed |
Sinful forms of sex | Gay, lesbian, any sexual acts outside of marriage, rape. | Any coercive, manipulated or unsafe acts, or any sex acts outside a committed relationship |